01.造船厂工人的石棉风险
How Are Shipyard Workers Exposed to Asbestos?
全球数百万的造船厂工人已经接触了石棉。仅在美国，研究人员估计有350万工人被暴露于造船厂的石棉。Asbestos exposure can lead to serious diseases, including万博专业版,lung cancerandasbestosis。
造船厂工人最常为美国海军和商业买家。海军造船合同在第二次世界大战（第二次世界大战）周围达到顶峰。
这些船建造以承受发动机和战斗的极端热量。结果，石棉用于产品以提供耐热性，强度和化学耐用性。Asbestoscould be found in:
- 造船厂使用的设备
- On-board safety equipment
- Pipes and other inner workings of ships
- 船体
Asbestos materials were used in nearly every area of old ships and naval vessels. As a result, the risk of exposure was high. Confined workspaces on ships also made any airborne fibers more concentrated. Workers not exposed on ships may have experienced石棉暴露在其他造船厂。
什么石棉产品使造船厂工人处于危险之中？
Asbestos products被广泛用于造船厂。造船厂暴露的风险通常来自船部，例如垫圈和管道盖。
当这些产品在船舶建造或拆除过程中被打扰时，造船厂工人通常会暴露于石棉灰尘。
- 在施工期间，含石棉的产品被打磨和定制，以贴合容器，这可能会导致空气中的石棉纤维。
- 在拆除期间，旧产品可能会破裂并崩溃，将石棉粉尘释放到空中。
即使是痕量的吸入石棉也可能引起间皮瘤，石棉或肺癌。万博专业版甲板下方或其他狭窄区域以下的工人通常面临更高的暴露风险，因为任何释放的石棉都会集中在空中。
在20世纪初期，石棉被认为是海军船上的重要组成部分。1922年，美国海军指定石棉必须在新潜艇中使用。垫圈，绝缘，包装和胶带中需要石棉石棉。到1939年，美国将石棉归类为关键材料。结果，希望赢得军事合同的制造商必须在其船只中使用石棉。
造船厂工人可能已经接触到：
- Adhesives
- Asbestos insulation
- Block insulation
- 锅炉
- 制动衬里
- Cables
- 防火产品
- Flooring
- Gaskets
- Paneling
- 管道（包括水管和蒸汽管）
- Pipe coverings
- 泵
- 屋顶
- Valves
- 焊杆
这些products were manufactured by manyasbestos companies。Often, the products were then sold to shipbuilding companies or shipyard corporations.
这些asbestos companies may have exposed hundreds of thousands of shipyard workers to the mineral. As a result of exposure, shipyard workers are at risk of developing asbestos illnesses, such as mesothelioma.
In the 1980s, U.S. government agencies began to regulate the use of asbestos. However, exposure risk continues into the 21st century as ships with asbestos materials corrode and decay.
Common Places Asbestos Is Found in the Shipbuilding Industry
在整个造船业中都使用石棉产品。结果，在许多不同的位置可能发生曝光。暴露于这些产品可能会导致石棉癌和其他疾病。
造船厂工人risked exposure while working on various types of ships and military vessels, including:
- Aircraft carriers
- 两栖军舰
- Battleships
- Cruisers
- 驱逐舰
- 驱逐舰的护送
- 护送载体
- Frigates
- Minesweepers
- Oil tankers
- Submarines
Other locations in the workplace that often exposed shipyard workers include:
- Boiler rooms
- 机房
- Equipment shops
- 运输和接收湾
Working in any of these areas could have led to asbestos exposure. There is no safe level of exposure. However, enclosed areas with poor ventilation can present a greater risk. Without proper airflow, fibers may become concentrated in the air. This can increase the risk of inhalation and/or ingestion, leading to asbestos illnesses.
造船厂工人和高风险交易
Shipyards were busy places, with many tradespeople working on the工作现场每天。结果，造船厂的职业曝光很普遍。专业人士many trades may have been exposed to asbestos。
At-risk trades in shipyards include:
- 锅炉制造商
- Carpenters
- 填缝剂
- 起重机操作员
- Draftsmen
- 电工
- Engineers
- 发动机钳工
- 钳工
- Foremen
- Heavy equipment operators
- Insulators
- Laborers
- 落后
- Machinists
- 商人水手
- Military personnel
- 画家
- Pipe coverers
- 管翼
- 钣金工人
- Shipwright
- 喷雾器
- 焊工
Individuals who did not directly come in contact with asbestos in shipyards may also be at risk ofsecondary exposure。当石棉纤维固定在衣服（例如衣服）上，然后被其他人吸入或摄入时，就会发生这种情况。次要石棉暴露经常会影响家庭成员和亲人的工人。
02. Mesothelioma Risk for Shipyard Workers
Mesothelioma Risk for Shipyard Workers
石棉在造船厂经常使用。结果，造船厂工人被认为是石棉疾病最处于危险的职业之一。
In one study, researchers found 86% of ship repair workers later developedasbestosis。This included individuals who did not work directly with asbestos materials.
Another report examined asbestos-related deaths among workers at a shipyard in Italy. Researchers found elevated cancer deaths among these workers compared to the general population. Observed cancers included:
- 胸膜间皮瘤万博专业版
- Cancers of the larynx
- 肺癌
- Respiratory tract diseases, including asbestosis
这些死亡的近四分之一归因于石棉暴露。
Another report found the mortality rate for asbestosis among shipyard workers is 16 times higher than for other occupations.
除了diseases’ long latency，船上的石棉暴露在任何时候可能发生。个人可以直接与矿物合作或通过继发暴露时暴露。2007年一项研究的作者说明了石棉如何构成持续的健康威胁。
“One can speculate that a single batch of asbestos mined in the 1930s could have resulted in plaques and asbestosis in Canadian miners in the 1960s, lung cancer and mesothelioma in U.S. shipyard workers in the 1970s, and in the future, result in lung disease in Indian and Pakistani ship‐breakers in the 2010s, and mesothelioma in the 2030s in Indians and Pakistanis exposed currently as children to improperly discarded asbestos waste.”
The consequences of asbestos use in shipyards are far-reaching. Some former shipyard workers develop related diseases as much as 50 years after exposure.
03.造船厂工人的补偿
Compensation for Victims of Occupational Asbestos Exposure
造船厂工人who develop an asbestos disease from occupational exposure may be eligible to receive compensation. Workers and loved ones may wish to seek万博专业版间皮瘤补偿要支付医疗费用，请承担损失的工资或持有石棉公司负责。
There are several avenues a person may pursue for compensation. They may file anasbestos trust claim, aworkers’ compensation claim或提起赔偿的诉讼。
Mesothelioma lawsuitsmay result in asettlementor verdict. Verdicts are decided by a jury, whereas settlements are decided out of court between the plaintiff and defendant.
Individuals wishing to pursue compensation should contact a万博专业版间皮瘤律师事务所。A万博专业版间皮瘤律师can assist with deciding which option is best for the unique situation.
04.石棉安全
Asbestos Safety for Shipyard Workers
After widespread asbestos use in the 20th century, several U.S. agencies enactedlegislation to regulate the mineralin the early 1980s. Many of these laws apply to all industries. However, some regulations are specific to the shipbuilding industry.
这些regulations aim to reduce asbestos exposure. A造船厂法规的全部故障可以在OSHA网站上找到。
这些法规有助于减轻石棉风险风险。但是，今天的造船厂工人仍然应该意识到石棉暴露的危险。尽管现在很少使用矿产，但老船仍可能构成风险。拆除和自然腐蚀可以释放石棉纤维。结果，造船厂仍可能构成健康风险。
