01. Types of Mesothelioma Surgery
What Are the Types of Surgery Available for Mesothelioma?
There are many types of mesothelioma surgeries. These options differ based on the goal of the procedure and mesothelioma location. There are three reasons a万博专业版patient may undergo surgery: diagnosis, removal of tumors and cancerous tissues, and symptom management.
间皮瘤的诊断手术万博专业版
医生可能会推荐abiopsy to diagnose malignant mesothelioma。A biopsy is the removal of a fluid or tissue sample for analysis. It is the only way to definitively confirm adiagnosis of mesothelioma。
Biopsies can be minimally invasive. However, some are considered open surgical procedures because the impacted tissue or fluid may be more difficult to reach.
- Thoracoscopy：用于诊断胸膜间皮瘤的微创活检。万博专业版医生在胸部和肋骨之间进行小切口，以从胸膜或胸腔腔中去除组织样品。
- Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive biopsy commonly used to diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma. A doctor makes incisions in the abdomen, while gas inflates the peritoneal cavity. The doctor then inserts a scope to locate and remove a tissue sample.
- 纵隔镜检查: A minimally invasive biopsy used to diagnose pericardial mesothelioma. Doctors may also recommend this procedure if they suspect the cancer has spread to the chest. A doctor inserts a scope below the neck to locate and remove a tissue sample for analysis.
- Thoracotomy: An open surgical procedure used to diagnose pleural and pericardial mesothelioma. A doctor makes an incision in the chest wall to collect a tissue sample from around the heart, lungs or other areas where tumors may be growing.
间皮瘤的治疗手术万博专业版
做ctorsmay recommend surgery as a treatment option for eligible patients. In these cases, doctors perform surgical procedures to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Doctors often recommend amultimodal approach，或将手术与其他治疗相结合。
Patients may hear the terms “therapeutic,” “cytoreductive” or “curative” in relation to these types of mesothelioma surgeries. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they have important distinctions.
Researchers continue to seek the most effective modes of surgical treatment for mesothelioma. Cytoreductive surgeries are often followed byradiation therapy或者chemotherapyto kill remaining cancer cells and prevent recurrence. Researchers have reported improved survival rates in patients treated with surgery combined with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
为了符合治疗手术的资格，患者必须符合某些标准。资格标准可能因治疗手术的类型而有所不同，但通常包括：
- The patient must be relatively healthy
- The diagnosis must be in early stages of cancer
- There is little to no metastasis (cancer spread)
A patient’s cell type may also impact their eligibility. Typically, these surgeries are best for patients with上皮性间皮瘤万博专业版, as it does not spread as quickly assarcomatoid mesothelioma。
Palliative Surgery for Mesothelioma
医生可能会推荐姑息手术to alleviate the patient’s symptoms and improve quality of life. Patients with anystage of mesotheliomamay undergo palliative surgeries. However, these surgeries are most common for stage 3 or stage 4 patients.
Many mesothelioma patients experience fluid buildup in the lungs, abdomen or heart. This fluid buildup may cause many symptoms, including chest or abdominal pain, difficulty breathing and shortness of breath.
Palliative surgeries can address these symptoms by draining the excess fluid and alleviating pressure in the chest or abdomen.
Resources for Mesothelioma Patients
02. Surgery for Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural Mesothelioma Surgery Options
Pleural mesotheliomadevelops in the lining of the lungs. Eligible patients may undergo therapeutic surgery, such as pleurectomy and extrapleural pneumonectomy. There are also palliative surgery options for malignant pleural mesothelioma patients. These procedures may drain excess fluid in the lungs and alleviate symptoms.
Therapeutic Surgeries for Pleural Mesothelioma
做ctors conduct therapeutic surgeries for pleural mesothelioma to reduce the presence of cancerous tissue. Pleural mesothelioma patients may undergo a pleurectomy or extrapleural pneumonectomy.Pleural mesothelioma specialistswill determine the best surgical option depending on the patient’s health, cancer cell type and cancer stage.
Pleurectomy
A pleurectomy procedure removes the lining of the lung and visible tumors in the chest cavity. A pleurectomy is often part of a larger procedure known as a pleurectomy/decortication, or P/D.
The pleurectomy involves opening the chest and removing the lining of the lung. The decortication then removes any other detected masses within the chest cavity. If the cancer has spread outside of the lung, thoracic surgeons may also remove the pericardium (lining of the heart) and peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity).
In addition to treating mesothelioma, this surgery may also be used to prevent recurrence of pleural effusion.
Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
An extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) is an aggressive surgical procedure. EPP entails removal of one lung and its surrounding tissues, including the linings of the heart and abdomen, and parts or all of the diaphragm.
Because this surgery is more aggressive, patients must be in good overall health and have an earlier stage of mesothelioma to be eligible.
Palliative Surgeries for Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma patients may experience uncomfortable symptoms. One of these common symptoms ispleural effusion，肺部多余的液体积聚。胸腔积液可能会导致呼吸困难，咳嗽和胸痛。胸膜间皮瘤的姑息治疗可以排除多余的液体并减轻患者的症状。万博专业版
Pleurocentesis
医生可能会推荐a pleurocentesis to remove excess fluid in the lungs (pleural effusion). When performing a pleurocentesis, doctors insert a needle into the pleural cavity to drain the excess fluid. Patients may also hear this surgery referred to as thoracentesis.
Pleurodesis
胸膜固定术是用于解决胸腔积液的手术。胸膜积液会导致胸膜膜层（胸膜空间）之间形成差距。该差距使流体积累。胸膜固定术关闭胸膜空间，防止液体积聚。这使肺部可以完全膨胀，减轻患者的疼痛并改善呼吸。
03. Surgery for Peritoneal Mesothelioma
腹膜间皮瘤手术选择万博专业版
Peritoneal mesothelioma影响腹部的衬里。腹膜间皮瘤有治疗性和姑息性手术选择。万博专业版对于合格的患者，可以将细胞减少手术与称为的加热化学疗法结合hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)。Surgery and HIPEC have been shown to be effective in treating peritoneal mesothelioma and extending patient life expectancy.
腹膜间皮瘤的治疗手术万博专业版
腹膜间皮瘤患者可能有资万博专业版格获得therapeutic surgery options. Depending on the patient’s case, doctors may recommend a peritonectomy or cytoreductive and debulking surgery. For eligible patients, these surgeries may be part of a multimodal mesothelioma treatment plan.腹膜间皮瘤专家万博专业版will determine the best treatment option for patients based on various factors, including cancer stage and cell type.
Cytoreductive and Debulking Surgery
医生进行细胞减退和延迟手术，以从腹部清除尽可能多的可见肿瘤。对于腹膜间皮瘤已扩散到其他腹部器官的患者来说，这可能是一个有效的选择。万博专业版
万博专业版间皮瘤外科医生可以治疗HIPEC treatment immediately following cytoreductive surgeryto kill any remaining cancer cells and help prevent recurrence.
Peritonectomy
A peritonectomy is a type of cytoreductive procedure that involves removing the lining of the abdomen. If the cancer has spread, doctors may remove other impacted tissues. Researchers have seen success in extending patient life expectancy by combining a peritonectomy with HIPEC. Inone study, researchers found44% of peritoneal mesothelioma patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC survived five or more years.
姑息性手术腹膜间皮瘤万博专业版
Peritoneal mesothelioma patients may experience uncomfortable symptoms that impact their quality of life. A common symptom of peritoneal mesothelioma isperitoneal effusion, or fluid buildup around the abdomen. This may cause abdominal swelling and pain, vomiting and loss of appetite. Mesothelioma specialists may suggest palliative procedures for symptom reduction.
子宫森
子宫森drains the excess fluid from the abdomen. Doctors insert a hollow needle into the abdomen to remove the fluid buildup.
The surgery provides temporary relief from peritoneal effusion. Doctors may repeat the procedure as needed to manage the patient’s symptoms. In some cases, doctors may recommend leaving a catheter in the peritoneal cavity to drain as needed.
04. Surgery for Pericardial Mesothelioma
心包间皮瘤手术选择万博专业版
Pericardial mesotheliomais one of the rarest forms of the cancer. It affects the lining of the heart, called the pericardium. Early diagnosis is difficult for this type of mesothelioma. If the condition is caught in early stages, there may be therapeutic surgery options. However, due to late-stage diagnoses, patients typically undergo palliative surgery to relieve symptoms.
Therapeutic Surgery for Pericardial Mesothelioma
Due to its rarity and location, pericardial mesothelioma has fewer therapeutic surgical options than other types of mesothelioma. For eligible patients, therapeutic surgery may be combined with radiation and chemotherapy to prolongmesothelioma life expectancy。
Pericardiectomy
Pericardial mesothelioma can be treated with a pericardiectomy. Mesothelioma surgeons remove the pericardium, or lining of the heart. This allows the heart to continue pumping smoothly.
心包间皮瘤的姑息治疗万博专业版
Because pericardial mesothelioma is difficult to diagnose early, palliative surgery is common for this type of mesothelioma. Palliative surgery may alleviate uncomfortable symptoms and improve patient quality of life.
心脏穿刺术
心脏穿刺术is a palliative surgery to relievepericardial effusion, or a buildup of fluid around the heart. This condition can cause chest pain, arrhythmia and changes in blood pressure.
A pericardiocentesis procedure drains the excess fluid from the pericardial space, helping reduce symptoms. In some cases, doctors may suggest leaving a catheter in the pericardial cavity to drain as needed.
05.手术的副作用
Potential Side Effects of Surgery for Mesothelioma
Patients will experience different side effects based on the type of surgery, mesothelioma location, cancer cell type, cancer stage and patient characteristics. If surgery is combined with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, side effects will also vary. However, there are common surgery side effects patients should discuss with their medical team prior to treatment.
06. Surgery Recovery Process
What Is the Recovery Process for Mesothelioma Surgery?
The mesothelioma surgery recovery process varies depending on the type of surgery. For example, patients who undergo more aggressive therapeutic surgeries may recover in the hospital for several weeks. These patients often also need additional recovery time at home.
Patients should talk to their doctor to understand what the recovery process will be like for their type of surgery.
General recovery processes for each type of surgery include:
- Diagnostic surgery: Recovery from diagnostic procedures is relatively quick. Biopsies and other diagnostic surgeries are minimally invasive procedures. As a result, patients usually recover within a few days to one week. Typically, doctors recommend patients avoid strenuous activity and keep the incision site clean.
- Therapeutic surgery: Therapeutic surgeries are often the most invasive and aggressive. Recovery from a serious procedure may take many weeks to months. For example, a patient may need 6 – 8 weeks to recover from an extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP). It may take longer in some cases for the patient’s remaining lung to be able to function as needed.
- Palliative surgery：尽管姑息治疗可能不如治疗选择侵入性，但患者仍然需要时间康复。患者可能需要几天或一周以上的时间才能从姑息手术中恢复。恢复后，患者应减轻胸腔积液等症状。
Recovery from surgery may differ for individual patients. When considering treatment options, patients should talk to their doctor about the recovery process, risks and benefits.
