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During diagnosis, a doctor will determine whether the cancer is stage 1, 2, 3 or 4. Stage 4 is the most advanced stage of malignant mesothelioma. Most commonly, patients are diagnosed after stage 1.

Staging does not change as the disease progresses. If a tumor grows or shrinks in size, the stage remains the same. Patients may hear doctors referencemetastasiswhen cancer grows or spreads to other parts of the body. In the later stages of disease, symptoms are more recognizable and may worsen. Patients with stage 3 or 4 mesothelioma also tend to have shorter life expectancies than those diagnosed at an earlier stage.

Medical professionals use a variety of diagnostic tests to determine the cancer stage. Doctors evaluate tumor location, size and extent of disease spreading during the staging process.

02. How Is Mesothelioma Staged

How Is Mesothelioma Staged?

Mesothelioma staging refers to the process of categorizing malignant mesothelioma according to the extent of the disease in a patient’s body. Staging is a process applied to all types of cancer, although specific staging systems are often developed based on characteristics of specific cancers, like mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma staging occurs during the initial diagnosis.Mesothelioma doctorsoften rely on general cancer staging characteristics to stage the disease. The American Joint Committee on Cancer’sAJCC Cancer Staging Manualis most commonly cited.

Pleural Mesothelioma Staging

Pleural mesotheliomais the only type that has unique mesothelioma staging systems. These systems include the Butchart, Brigham staging and TNM systems. Despite their differences, all of the staging systems indicate patients diagnosed at the early stages have more treatment options and a more favorable prognosis.

Butchart Staging System

Proposed in 1976, the Butchart System is the oldest formal mesothelioma staging system. The system is only used to stage pleural mesothelioma. In this system, the location of the primary tumor mass determines the stage.

This mesothelioma staging system does not take into account:

• The size of the tumor
• The number of cancer cells present
• The overall level of cancer in the body

Staging Pleural Mesothelioma with the Butchart Staging System

Brigham Staging System

In 1993, while working at theBrigham & Women’s Hospital, Dr. David Sugarbaker and several colleagues developed the Brigham staging system. The system was created through collaboration with theDana-Farber Cancer Institute. Initially, the system was based on clinical experience with 52 patients. In 1998, it was updated based on a larger sample size.

The Brigham staging system emphasizes surgery as a mesothelioma treatment option.

Staging Pleural Mesothelioma with the Brigham Staging System

TNM Staging System

TheTumor, Nodes and Metastasis (TNM) staging system是由法国医生皮埃尔Denoixthe 1940s. Since then, it has been adjusted for many specific cancers. The first mesothelioma-specific TNM staging system was developed by A. P. Chahinian in the early 1980s.

Most doctors use this system, and it is frequently updated according to newmesothelioma research. To classify pleural mesothelioma stage, doctors look at:

• Tumor size and extent
• Lymph node involvement
• Metastasis to other parts of the body

Staging Pleural Mesothelioma with the TNM Staging System

This system also breaks down the four stages even further to include stages 1A, 1B, 3A and 3B. Doctors updated the TNM system with these additional stages in January of 2018. The six stages of the updated system make it easier to estimate patient prognosis. The additional stages also help doctors choose the most effective treatment option for each patient.

Peritoneal, Pericardial & Testicular Mesothelioma Staging

Peritoneal, pericardial and testicular mesothelioma do not have their own unique staging systems.

Peritoneal mesotheliomapatients may be staged using the Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI). This staging system classifies disease according to tumor size. A higher score is given to extensive cases, which have a less favorable prognosis.

Some mesothelioma doctors may use a modified version of the pleural mesothelioma TNM system to stage peritoneal mesothelioma patients. This staging system is not yet widely accepted within the medical community. However, according to studies, the peritoneal mesothelioma TNM staging system predicts patientprognosismost accurately.

Because of their rarity,pericardial mesotheliomaandtesticular mesotheliomado not have their own staging systems. There is not enough data from case studies to accurately stage patients.

• There are fewer than 50 pericardial mesothelioma diagnoses in the United States each year.
• There have been approximately 100 cases of testicular mesothelioma described in medical literature.

03. Treatment by Stage

How Mesothelioma Stage Impacts Treatment

An individual’s mesothelioma stage has a direct impact on the recommended treatment options. Mesothelioma patients diagnosed at stage 1 or 2 often have the most treatment options available. During the early stages, the disease is still localized and the patient is in better health. As a result, early-stage diagnosis typically allows for aggressive treatments, such as surgery.

Mesothelioma treatment optionsfor those with late-stage diagnoses are often more limited. By stage 3 or 4, the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, and patient health may be declining. Advanced-stage patients often undergo palliative treatments to reduce symptoms and potentially extend life expectancy.

In addition to stage, mesothelioma type and cell type impact treatment options. Doctors will also consider a patient’s existing conditions, age and overall health when determining treatment plans.

Regardless of stage, patients may be eligible to take part inclinical trialsat mesothelioma cancer centers. Treatments such asimmunotherapyandgene therapyhave shown success in clinical trials.

Patients should discuss their individual case with their doctor to understand all treatment options available.

Stage 1 Mesothelioma Treatment

Cytoreductive surgeryis typically the recommended course of treatment for stage 1 mesothelioma patients. At this early stage, surgery is used to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Pleural mesothelioma patients often undergoextrapleural pneumonectomyorpleurectomy/decortication.

Stage 1 peritoneal mesothelioma patients may be treated with超热状况intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), a form of chemotherapy applied during surgical procedures.

Mesothelioma patients diagnosed in stage 1 may also be treated withradiation therapyor intravenous chemotherapy drugs, such as pemetrexed and cisplatin.

Stage 2 Mesothelioma Treatment

Patients diagnosed with stage 2 mesothelioma have many treatment options.Multimodal treatmentis a widely accepted option for stage 2 patients. The therapy commonly includes a combination of surgery,chemotherapyand radiation.

At this stage, the viability of surgery depends on:

• Metastasis (spreading of disease)
• Patient health

Multimodal plans may also incorporate emerging treatments like immunotherapy. However, therapies will vary according to individual cases and may not be an option for all stage 2 patients. Multimodal therapy may not be an option for all stage 2 patients. Doctors will determine viable options on an individual basis. Incorporated therapies vary according to individual cases and may not be an option for all stage 2 patients.

Stage 3 Mesothelioma Treatment

治疗options for stage 3 mesothelioma patients are primarilypalliative. These treatments focus on prolonging life and improving a patient’s quality of life. At this stage, physicians commonly recommend chemotherapy and radiation to improve patient comfort.

Surgical resection often involves too many risks for stage 3 patients. But physicians commonly use minor surgical procedures to drain fluid and ease symptoms.Pleurocentesisandparacentesisare common palliative surgeries administered at this stage.

Stage 4 Mesothelioma Treatment

治疗plans for stage 4 patients largely focus on palliative treatments. At this advanced stage, physicians design treatment plans to manage symptoms, prolong life and improve quality of life.

Patients with stage 4 mesothelioma may use systemic chemotherapy, radiation and palliative surgery to mitigate symptoms.

New Mesothelioma Treatments Available to All Stages

Mesothelioma researchers use clinical trials to investigate new treatment options for early- and late-stage patients. Onestudy from 2019analyzed how adding a compound to chemotherapy could increase the efficacy of the treatment.Other recent clinical trialsobserved the impact of a new application of chemotherapy (bidirectional chemotherapy) on patients with advanced-stage peritoneal mesothelioma. The bidirectional chemotherapy improved the 2-year survival rate to about 83% for some patients.

Ongoing clinical trials continue to test new treatments for all stages of mesothelioma.