01. Overview
什么是腹膜积液？
Small amounts of fluid can naturally be found in the abdominal cavity to lubricate the tissues and linings of organs within the abdominal cavity. On average, women in good overall health have more peritoneal fluid than healthy men, which can also fluctuate with the menstrual cycle. However, abnormal amounts of intraperitoneal fluid may develop as a sign of mesothelioma or other health conditions.
腹膜积液也称为腹水，是一种使流体在腹腔内腹膜层之间积聚的疾病。它可以从高度活跃的癌症（如间皮瘤）中发展出来，其中涉及腹膜内膜并产生在腹腔中积聚的多余液体。万博专业版阻塞的淋巴结是一种更晚期疾病的迹象，也可能引发腹膜积液。
More than 85% of all ascites cases are the result of cirrhosis of the liver, though up to 10% are associated with a cancer diagnosis. They are most common in patients with peritoneal surface malignancies such as ovarian, uterine, breast, pancreatic, liver and lung cancers. The finding has also been identified in the majority of peritoneal mesothelioma cases. Patients withperitoneal mesothelioma, which develops after inhalation or ingestion of asbestos fibers, typically present with either abdominal pain and no peritoneal effusion or experience no abdominal pain, but have both peritoneal effusion and abdominal distension or swelling.
02. Diagnosis
诊断腹膜积液的症状
腹膜积液本身是较大疾病的标志，并且由于多种原因可能出现，每种原因都会带来不同的相关症状。例如，恶性腹膜间皮瘤患者可能会遇到肠道障碍物，体重减轻和发烧的积液。万博专业版严重性万博专业版间皮瘤癌症症状may increase as more fluid collects within the peritoneal cavity.
After a patient presents with symptoms, an abdominal ultrasound is often used to diagnose the ascites. For mesothelioma patients,imaging testslike an X-ray or a CT scan (computed tomography) may also be used to confirm the presence of peritoneal effusion. When diagnosing peritoneal mesothelioma, a doctor can see several presentations on the CT scan. For patients who have developed ascites, researchers may refer to the appearance on the scan as the “wet type.” This presentation indicates excess abdominal fluid, swelling of the intestines and small nodules in the organs. Peritoneal mesothelioma patients with ascites may also present as the “mixed type” on their scan, meaning they have developed ascites and may have large tumors that are common with the “dry type” presentation seen on some CT scans.
In addition to imaging scans, a fluid wave test may be performed by a physician to identify the ascites if there is substantial fluid retention within the abdominal cavity. The test relies on placing pressure on the abdomen and tapping the area to monitor a ripple effect from one side of the abdomen to the other. Peritoneal effusion is present if the ripple from the tapping can be felt on the other side of the abdomen.
诊断腹水是指出导致流体积累的潜在条件的重要第一步。在确定根本原因之前，患者可能首先看到胃肠道专家。一旦确定了腹水，医生可能会服用biopsy, or fluid sample. Through pathology tests, they can confirm whether the fluid is malignant or benign, although fluid analysis alone many times is not enough to establish a diagnosis of mesothelioma. For peritoneal mesothelioma patients, a biopsy of the peritoneum is ultimately needed to confirm the cancer’s presence.
03. Prognosis
Prognosis of Peritoneal Effusion
Overall, malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is the second most common form of the cancer, withlife expectancy一般从两到六年。一个刊物特色dual’s prognosis can differ based on their age, gender and overall health. Though the presence of peritoneal effusion may signal a later stage of disease and a worse prognosis, patients may still be able to seek treatment to alleviate symptoms and possibly extend survival time.
04. Treatment
Treatment Options
Depending on the condition causing a peritoneal effusion, patients may have a number of treatment options. For mesothelioma patients, apalliative treatment plan可以建议减少液体积聚并缓解相关症状。可穿梭化是最常见的方法。Aparacentesisis a minimally invasive procedure that uses a needle and drainage tube to remove ascites. This procedure may be done on more than one occasion to provide symptom relief. In some cases, patients have also seen relief through another procedure called peritoneovenous shunt placement, which moves fluid out of the abdomen and back into the veins.
此外,治疗症状缓和through the use of indwelling catheters has shown promise for mesothelioma patients with ascites. These catheters are placed in the abdominal cavity with an external portion that can be drained as needed. One retrospective study analyzed results from 20 cancer patients experiencing peritoneal ascites. The researchers found that a peritoneal catheter was a useful and minimally invasive palliative option for the patients, with a success rate of at least 95.2%. Patients had a median survival time of 27 days following the placement of the catheter, making this an encouraging palliative option for patients with late-stage mesothelioma.
除了姑息治疗以缓解腹部液体积聚外，患者还可以接受针对间皮瘤的主动治疗选择，以减少腹水。万博专业版根据患者的特定情况，最有效的周围间皮瘤治疗方法之一是万博专业版cytoreductive surgeryto remove as much of the disease as possible combined with a heated chemotherapy wash calledhyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapyor HIPEC. Research has shown this treatment can extend life expectancy to five years or longer for some patients, though it likely will not be a viable option for those with more advanced peritoneal mesothelioma.
Chemotherapy这是另一种常见的腹膜间皮瘤治疗，也已被证明可以通过减少腹万博专业版膜液的产生来减轻腹水的压力。当化学疗法杀死癌细胞时，它们会停止液体产生，从而降低了患者的压力。免疫疗法治疗也显示出在间皮瘤中的希望，可以在尝试化疗的情况下使用。万博专业版患者还可以选择参加临床试验，以利用新兴的治疗选择。
Any individual who has known asbestos exposure or experiences any mesothelioma symptoms should talk to a doctor right away. Early detection of the disease may prevent ascites from developing and help doctors determine the best treatment plan for extending survival.
