01. History of Asbestos Use
约翰·曼维尔的石棉历史
在1901年合并之前，均为H.W.约翰制造公司和曼维尔覆盖公司致力于开发石棉商品。1868年，亨利·沃德·约翰斯（Henry Ward Johns）在开发几年后获得了石棉产品的第一项专利屋顶材料在他的地下室。1886年，查尔斯·曼维尔（Charles Manville）经营曼维尔（Manville）覆盖公司石棉管绝缘，很快帮助出售了亨利·沃德·约翰斯的产品。
然而，亨利·沃德·约翰斯（Henry Ward Johns）于1898年去世，被认为是asbestosis。尽管他去世了，但他的公司随着他们出售石棉纺织品，屋顶和隔热材料而继续增长。两家公司合并后，公司继续专注于扩大其石棉材料的产品。从1920年代到1970年代，约翰·曼维尔（Johns-Manville）继续增长和扩展其石棉产品，包括诸如石棉水泥, brake linings, sheet packaging and more.
该公司在销售方面非常成功asbestos goods在看到超过4500万美元的销售额和高利润的销售额之后，它能够在1927年在纽约证券交易所上市。在全国范围内，石棉的使用是从1930年代到1970年代初的顶峰。在此期间，约翰·曼维尔（Johns-Manville）迅速增长，生产了一系列石棉材料，包括石棉水泥，粘合剂，垫圈，瓦楞纸等。在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间，公司蓬勃发展并继续增长，因为石棉被大量用于绝缘层船和飞机。
Throughout this period, the company also owned and operated asbestos mines to make their own products, as well as distributed raw fibers globally.
However, by the late 1920s, employees of the company began to note asbestos-related diseases like万博专业版。尽管至少在1920年代已经知道并记录了石棉的危险，但直到1960年代，更大的重点一直放在石棉暴露的不利影响上，该公司开始经历增长和利润的下降。但是，约翰·曼维尔（Johns-Manville）在接下来的几十年中继续生产和生产和生产原始石棉及其石棉产品。
Resources for Mesothelioma Patients
02. Asbestos Products
约翰·曼维尔石棉产品
Johns-Manville has been recognized as one of the nation’s leading manufacturers and distributors of both rawasbestosand asbestos-containing goods. For decades, the company focused on a wide array of asbestos materials, largely within the construction industry. They offered everything from粘合剂和密封剂to cements and block insulation.
03. Occupational Exposure
Johns-Manville and Occupational Exposure
Because of the widespread use of Johns-Manville products across many industries, as well as the corporation operating numerous industrial plants and mines,成千上万的工人across the country faced the risk of exposure to asbestos.
At its peak asbestos use, reports estimate the company had at least 3,500 employees. Workers for other companies and in many industries also faced exposure because Johns-Manville products were used in countless buildings,房屋,schools，船等。
04. Asbestos Litigation
对约翰·曼维尔公司的石棉诉讼
Reports show as early as 1929, employees of the company began to complain about lung diseases and disability as a result of在工作中的石棉暴露。Initially, Johns-Manville allegedly handled these claims in private and settled in secrecy. However, the number of asbestos claims grew very quickly.
Sources at the time stated that Johns-Manville tried to discredit claims by reasoning that employees of the company were also negligent because they knew or should have been aware of the dangers of asbestos. The corporation further argued that until 1964, the company wasn’t legally required to have warning labels about asbestos on their products.
尽管做了这样的努力，但新mesothelioma and asbestos lawsuits继续上升，在1976年达到159，并在两年内跃升至792。到1979年，该公司在1,500多个诉讼中已被告或共同被告。
Clarence Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Products Company, et al.
This 1973 case is considered a landmark ruling for asbestos litigation. Johns-Manville and other defendants were found to be negligent in this case against an industrial worker who developed asbestosis and mesothelioma. They lost upon appeal and had to pay a verdict of nearly $60,000.
针对约翰·曼维尔（Johns-Manville）提出的最著名的说法之一于1985年做出了决定。他描述了自己的工作条件，好像有人因为产生了所有石棉灰尘，把一桶面粉倒了。值得注意的是，约翰·曼维尔（Johns-Manville）在这些工作地点提供了90％以上的绝缘材料。
As a result of his prolonged exposure, Cavett developed石棉肺癌and his health quickly declined. The jury awarded Cavett and his wife Mary $800,000 in compensatory damages and $1.5 million in punitive damages. The verdict was upheld upon appeal, citing the company’s negligence in exposing employees and clear knowledge of the dangers of asbestos.
05. Asbestos Trust Fund
Johns-Manville Asbestos Trust Fund
The current payment percentage for successful claims is 5.1%.
随着针对约翰·曼维尔（Johns-Manville）的诉讼数量继续增加，该公司的利润下降，该公司不得不宣布破产和重组。约翰·曼维尔公司（Johns-Manville Corporation）于1982年正式申请了第11章破产。此时，该公司面临9,000多个诉讼，陪审团始终判给原告以惩罚性赔偿的大规模判决。
The company’sasbestos trust fundwas not confirmed until four years later. The bankruptcy court confirmed their reorganization plan and established the Manville Personal Injury Settlement Trust to pay personal injury claims and the Manville Property Damage Settlement Trust to pay claims for property damage from asbestos removal. The personal injury trust was initially funded with $2.5 billion, and the property damage trust was funded with $125 million.
信任在1988年首次开始运作。在that first year, those maintaining the trust noted it had settled over 12,600 claims for nearly $500 million and had paid out over $50 million to 1,200 claimants. By 1992, there were more than 190,000 claims against the trust.
随着索赔数量的增加，很快就显然信托资金不足，付款停止了两次。支付百分比已相应降低，信托基金能够继续向石棉受害者提供寻求的机会赔偿来自公司的不法行为。当前的支出百分比为5.1％，但索赔人的实际薪酬金额将根据许多因素而有所不同，包括年龄，暴露历史，石棉疾病类型及其公司的定居历史。
As of 2019, there are over 940,000 active claims pending against the trust.
