01. CAR T-Cell Therapy Definition
What Is CAR T-Cell Therapy?
CAR T-cell therapy is a form of免疫疗法being tested in clinical trials. The therapy has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat certain blood cancers. CAR T-cell therapy is being tested in clinical trials for万博专业版和其他实体瘤。
Normal T cells (white blood cells) protect the body against disease and can recognize cancer cells. However, in most cases, cancer cells evade the immune system by tricking T cells into not attacking them. Using CAR T-cell therapy, doctors can engineer T cells to identify and attack cancer.
How Does CAR T-Cell Therapy Work?
CAR T细胞治疗方法是通过在患者体内添加改变的T细胞来抗击癌症来进行的。医生使用称为收养细胞疗法（ACT）的过程来收集患者的细胞并修改它们。
The altered T cells produce receptor proteins called chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). As a result, modified cells are CAR T cells.
CAR T cells can recognize a protein specific to cancer cells. These proteins are called tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Researchers have tried to identify types of TAAs that are very common on the cell surface of tumor cells but uncommon on healthy cells.
When CAR T cells can identify TAAs, they can target and attack cancer cells. In order totreat mesothelioma, doctors will target TAAs commonly found on the mesothelioma cancer cells’ surface.
The CAR T-Cell Treatment Process
During treatment, the CAR T-cell therapy process consists of:
- Acquiring a patient’s T cells
- Modifying the T cells in a laboratory to have CAR receptors that recognize TAAs specific to cancer cells
- Growing and multiplying a patient’s modified CAR T cells
- 根据患者的情况，静脉内或胸腔内静脉内治疗CAR T细胞
在某些情况下，可以通过一次输注完成治疗。
CAR T细胞上的新受体旨在识别癌细胞。一旦CAR T细胞遇到癌症，它们就可以攻击并杀死携带蛋白质的癌细胞。
结果，CAR T细胞增强了免疫系统以抵抗癌细胞。
The CAR T cells may continue to fight cancer cells years after treatment. In some cases, if the patient has a relapse, the CAR T cells may still be able to find and destroy new cancer cells.
对于对其他形式的癌症治疗反应良好的患者，最常建议使用CAR T细胞治疗。在接受T-Cell治疗之前，间皮瘤患者需要接受万博专业版clinical trial。
Resources for Mesothelioma Patients
02. CAR T-Cell Therapy for Mesothelioma
汽车T细胞疗法如何帮助间皮瘤患者万博专业版
Recent clinical trials have studied the value of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors, including mesothelioma andlung cancer。
CAR T-cell immunotherapy may be an option for mesothelioma patients who are ineligible forcytoreductive surgery,chemotherapyand other traditional mesothelioma treatments.
At this time, mesothelioma patients can only seek CAR T-cell therapy through clinical trials. In order to participate in a clinical trial, patients must apply and meet the criteria for the study.
Mesothelioma Clinical Trials Testing CAR T-Cell Therapy
CAR T-cell immunotherapy for mesothelioma is currently being tested in limited clinical trials. In some trials,mesothelioma doctorshave seen some promising patient responses to CAR T-cell therapy.
Researchers from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center inNew York Cityhave tested this emerging treatment for mesothelioma. Two recent clinical trials tested the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy on a small number of胸膜间皮瘤万博专业版patients.
研究人员使用CAR T细胞靶向间皮瘤细胞上的蛋白质万博专业版
From 2012 to 2019,研究人员研究了针对FAP的CAR T细胞的功效。对于某些患者，他们将这些靶向FAP的CAR T细胞与PD-1阻断抗体结合在一起。
In this study, researchers tested a different type of CAR T cell against mesothelioma. All patients underwent an intrapleural infusion of CAR T cells targeting FAP, a TAA commonly found on mesothelioma cancer cells.
一组患者还接受了PD-1阻断抗体。PD-1是在免疫细胞上发现的蛋白质。阻断该蛋白质使CAR T细胞更容易攻击间皮瘤细胞。万博专业版
Specifically, patients in the study underwent:
- 胸腔内输注靶向FAP的CAR T细胞（2例）
- Intrapleural infusion of CAR T cells targeting FAP + anti-PD-1 therapy (1 patient)
在18个月的中位随访中，3例患者中有2例还活着。患者也没有经历许多副作用。但是，这项研究的规模太小，无法得出有关治疗有效性的结论。
正在进行的临床试验发现约有50％的患者经历肿瘤反应
In an正在进行的间皮瘤万博专业版临床试验，研究人员正在与抗PD-1剂结合使用靶向间皮素靶向的CAR T细胞。
一组18个间皮瘤患者接受了胸万博专业版膜内输注CAR T细胞，以靶向通常在间皮瘤癌细胞上发现的TAA。
- 为14例患者提供了针对间皮素的汽车T细胞anti-PD-1 therapy
- 4 patients were given CAR T cells targeting mesothelin
The current reported results only include the 14 patients who received CAR T cells targeting mesothelin with anti-PD-1 therapy.
According to the published results, tumors shrunk or disappeared in approximately 50% of patients. Patient results include:
- Complete Metabolic Response (tumors are gone):2 patients
- Partial Response (tumors shrunk but have not disappeared):5 patients
- 稳定的疾病（肿瘤没有生长或收缩，没有新的肿瘤）：4 patients
结果似乎很有希望，但是该组的大小太小，无法得出治疗间皮瘤的结论。万博专业版这项研究正在进行中，研究人员将继续发布结果。
将来，对于不符合其他形式治疗的间皮瘤患者而言，汽车T细胞疗法可能是一个不错的选择。万博专业版医生继续检验间皮瘤治疗的有效性和副作用。万博专业版
03. Side Effects
Side Effects of CAR T-Cell Therapy
There are side effects and risks associated with CAR T-cell therapy. As research and clinical trials continue, doctors will continue working towards mitigating CAR T-cell therapy side effects.
The following side effects may occur during or after CAR T-cell therapy:
The most common side effect associated with CAR T-cell therapy is Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS). CRS may cause mild flu-like symptoms, low blood pressure, increased heart rate and heart failure. In many cases, it can be managed with other treatments.
Due to limited research, it’s unclear how often mesothelioma patients may experience side effects. Researchers will continue to document how mesothelioma patients are affected by this form of immunotherapy.
04.汽车T细胞疗法成功吗？
Is CAR T-Cell Therapy Successful in Treating Mesothelioma?
对于间皮瘤患者，CAR T细胞疗法可能是可行的治疗选择。万博专业版但是，治疗仍在researched and tested。
Although CAR T-cell therapy has been approved to treat other forms of cancer, there is not enough data to determine its success against mesothelioma. Researchers will continue to test the treatment with the goal of improvingsurvival ratefor mesothelioma patients.
